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‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

Joe Hamilton, who manages a 26-acre tree farm in South Carolina, knows first hand how : ‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

Acie Johnson Is A Legal Client Of The Center For Heirs’ Property Preservation. The Center Cleared His Title (From Heirs’ Property) And Put His House In Order. Johnson Was Able To Refinance His Loan And Settle The Future Of His House In His Will. He Stands In Front Of His Church, The Brick Baptist Church On St. Helena Island, S.C.

 

His is among many Black, Appalachian, Native American, and Hispanic families to grapple with heirs’ property—a type of collective ownership passed down, often to multiple relatives, without a will.

 

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The 68-year-old spent three years tracing his family tree to identify the other part-owners of his family land, sorting through documents, cemeteries, and Bibles. The land originally belonged to his great-grandfather, a freed slave who received almost 888 acres from a former slave owner.

The land passed through generations to Hamilton, leaving him to resolve its legal status. Over time, much of the land had been lost, stolen and bartered as his ancestors lacked rights, along with the necessary equipment and animals to farm. Just 44.4 acres remained when it was eventually divided between seven family members.

“Many Black land owners do not trust the process,” Hamilton said. “The reason that heirs’ property is so prevalent is we have been taken advantage of.”

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

Joe Hamilton Spent Three Years Tracing Back His Family Tree Before Finally Being Able To Resolve The Family’s Heirs’ Property Issues. Now, He Hopes To Teach Others About The Process.

 

Heirs’ property operators, lacking clear ownership, can’t qualify for certain federal programs, receive disaster assistance or use their land as loan collateral. Those hurdles have contributed significantly to farmers losing their land, with more than 60% of all Black-owned land estimated to be heirs’ property, according to the Federation of Southern Cooperatives/Land Assistance Fund.

Black farmers like Hamilton and other producers struggling with heirs’ property ownership now want President-elect Joe Biden’s Agriculture Department and its new secretary to help them find ways to hold onto their land.

Congress and the agency offered some remedies in the 2018 farm law (Public Law 115-334), but legislators and advocates say more assistance is needed.

There are only about 45,500 Black agricultural producers—1.3% of the total number of producers, the most recent agricultural census data show. A century ago, 14% of American farmers were Black.

Forced Land Sales

Multiple people sharing heirs’ property leaves farmers vulnerable to a family member going to court to force a sale, said Thomas Mitchell, a law professor at Texas A&M University. For decades, courts have routinely obliged in heirs’ property cases, particularly in disadvantaged communities, he said.

Heirs’ property owners often don’t recognize how disfavored they are, Mitchell said, calling the system “the present-day manifestation of Jim Crow.”

He described the past few years as the “golden age” of interest in heirs’ property, pointing to many families hiring lawyers to change their land ownership. To do so, every part-owner of the property must agree, Mitchell said.

“Especially with heirs’ properties in communities of color, by the time it’s now in its third generation, you’re not talking two people,” said Mitchell, a 2020 fellow at the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. “You’re talking 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and it just takes the inability to get one.”

He was the principal drafter of the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act, which aims to protect families from those seeking to acquire a small share of their heirs’ property in order to file a partition action and force a sale. Seventeen states and the U.S. Virgin Islands have enacted the law.

Heirs’ property complications also impede crop production, said John Schelhas, a research forester with the Agriculture Department’s Southern Research Station.

Because operators often receive low returns on their investments, properties instead are ignored and allowed to grow untamed, he said.

“People hang onto it because it’s important to their family,” Schelhas said. “They know their relatives worked really hard to get ahold of the land at a time when it was really hard for African Americans to buy land and to hold onto land.”

Hamilton said the value of his land isn’t just monetary, and described how his great-grandfather signed a piece of paper with an “X” to assume ownership of the property because he had no education. The land, and Hamilton, are both part of his legacy.

“Every material thing has a price, but there are some things, ma’am, that you just cannot buy,” he said.

 

Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

Center For Heirs’ Property Preservation Woodlands Community Advocate Joe Hamilton, Left, Works With Landowner Ronald Richards, Right, Who Wants To Replicate Hamilton’s Success With Pollinator Plots On His Land.

 

2018 Farm Law

Heirs’ property operators looking to clear their titles got some relief from the 2018 farm law, which empowered the Farm Service Agency to give money to intermediaries, such as banks, for loans.

The law also extended their eligibility for obtaining Agriculture Department farm numbers that the agency uses to identify farms for access to its programs.

To ensure farmland stays in the right hands, “we created the heirs property program in the 2018 Farm Bill and funded it for the first time last year,” said House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman Sanford Bishop (D-Ga.). Regulations for the lending program will be published soon, an Agriculture Department spokesperson said.

The fiscal 2020 appropriations law provided $18.2 million in loan authority to resolve ownership and succession on farmland with multiple owners, a staffer for Bishop said. Fiscal 2021 legislation for both the House and Senate would provide $33.7 million in loan authority.

Jennie Stephens, chief executive officer at the Center for Heirs’ Property Preservation, said she doesn’t agree with the legislation’s lending provisions for heirs’ property owners.

“If you don’t have clear title, what are you going to use for collateral?” Stephens said. “These are people who are already having financial difficulties because they’re land-rich, cash-poor.”

Instead of providing loans to individuals, the government should offer grants to nonprofits that help families resolve their titles, becoming a forgivable loan if the heirs’ property owners keep their land for a certain period of time, she said.

‘Black Farmers And Reparations’

Democratic Sens. Cory Booker (N.J.), Elizabeth Warren (Mass.) and Kirsten Gillibrand (N.Y.) recently introduced a bill (S. 4929) to confront inequities faced by Black farmers. It currently lacks GOP cosponsors.

The measure would establish an independent civil rights oversight board to review appeals of civil rights complaints filed against the Agriculture Department and investigate reports of discrimination.

It would also boost the funding authorization for the lending program created under the 2018 farm law, and provide money to offer free legal assistance to Black farmers.

The legislation would form and fund a new bank to provide financing and grants to Black farmer and rancher cooperative financial institutions, and create an Equitable Land Access Service within the Agriculture Department to obtain farmland and provide grants to existing and aspiring Black farmers, among other policies.

The legislation would lead to “a programmatic transform of how the government deals with Black farmers and reparations,” along with heirs’ property, Savi Horne, executive director of the North Carolina Association of Black Lawyers Land Loss Prevention Project, said.

Horne credits the recent rise in the population of Black farmers to the past three farm bills, work by nonprofits, and shifts happening within the Agriculture Department, adding that the agency now could focus on boosting participation and resources for socially-disadvantaged farmers.

‘Past Wrongs’

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

Stacey Plaskett (D-U.S. Virgin Islands)

 

House Agriculture Committee member Stacey Plaskett (D-U.S. Virgin Islands), who represents an area with a history of farming and land ownership struggles, said she hopes Biden’s Agriculture Department makes it a priority to support Black farmers, “recognizing that there were past wrongs done.”

Hurting Farmers Look To Biden’s USDA Pick To Fix Mounting Woes

Plaskett pointed to two federal programs: one that aids beginning farmers and ranchers through mentoring and education and another that conducts outreach and technical assistance for socially disadvantaged agricultural producers and foresters.

Hamilton himself plans to pursue a law degree and eventually provide free legal advice to people with heirs’ property issues, with the contingency that those he helps then help someone else.

He said he wants to assist Black land owners and farmers in breaking the cycle of loss.

John Boyd Jr., president of the National Black Farmers Association, said major changes within the Agriculture Department and leadership by the agriculture secretary could help Biden’s administration better serve Black agriculture producers.

Democratic contenders to head the agency include former Sen. Heidi Heitkamp (N.D.), former Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, Reps. Cheri Bustos (Ill.) and Marcia Fudge (Ohio). If chosen, Fudge would be the first Black woman to fill the role.

“I’m hoping at the very least there would be an agriculture secretary who would have his door open for us,” Boyd said. “That’s where change comes in.”

 

Updated: 12-11-2020

For Black Farmers, Is Justice Finally On The Way?

After decades of discrimination and inequality, a new bill might offer real relief.

In 1920, 14.7% of American farmers were Black. A century later, only 1.4% are — and they earn less money, receive less government support, and occupy smaller farms on average than do their white counterparts.

Of the many ailments afflicting rural America in 2020, these racial disparities are some of the most enduring and under-discussed. Is that about to change?

Last month, Senator Cory Booker introduced legislation intended to support Black farmers and encourage more African Americans to enter agriculture. It envisions a new system of land grants, better oversight of government farm aid and remedies for decades of discriminatory policies.

More ambitiously, it also attempts to reimagine the farm work of the future. “This can really help with farm innovation, the farming of tomorrow,” Booker told me in a phone call. “Whether it’s organic farmers, or new creative ways of growing food in this country.”

He’ll have his work cut out for him. The disparities in the U.S. agricultural economy were centuries in the making. After the Civil War, General William T. Sherman’s famous bequest, often remembered as “40 acres and a mule,” was quickly overturned by President Andrew Johnson.

The Southern Homestead Act was passed in 1866 with the goal of passing land to freed slaves and others, but few of the region’s impoverished Blacks could take advantage of it.

Despite these obstacles, determined Black farmers had made considerable progress by the early 20th century. Between 1890 and 1910, the number of Black farm owners in the South nearly doubled, from 113,580 to 207,815.

Unfortunately, that turned out to be the high water mark. From 1910 to 1997, Black Americans lost about 90% of their farmland. They weren’t alone; thanks to federal policies that boosted large farms (“get big or get out”), small-farm owners of all races lost land during this period.

But Black farmers lost far more: Had they left agriculture at the same rate as whites, there would be at least a quarter-million more Black farmers around today.

Several factors account for the harsh toll. First, because only 23% of Black Americans have wills, their estates often become “heirs’ property,” meaning that fractional interests in their real-estate assets are passed down to multiple relatives.

Over time, the ownership interests increase, and the estate becomes vulnerable to developers and speculators who can use legal loopholes to acquire it.

Another factor has been disparities in government assistance, dating back decades. In 1965, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights issued a report on farm programs in which it noted, regarding the (now defunct) Farmers Home Administration:

“Poor whites receive FHA assistance to acquire or expand their farms, to stock and equip them, to improve their housing or financial position. This is rarely ever the case for negroes.”

Such inequities were widespread. “Because of certain practices, like giving loans out when it was too late to get the kinds of resources you needed to harvest crops, they were ultimately cheated out of their land,” Booker said, referring to Black farmers. “It has hurt African Americans dramatically in this country.”

As recently as 2019, the Government Accountability Office determined that socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers” received “proportionately fewer loans and farm credit overall than did those who were better off. It cited discrimination as one potential factor.

Booker’s Justice for Black Farmers Act offers a bold template for remediating such abuses. Among other steps, it establishes an independent Civil Rights Oversight Board at the Department of Agriculture and boosts funding for a program that assists in the resolution of property-succession issues. If enacted, both initiatives would make a real difference to Black farmers and their families.

But Booker doesn’t just want to remedy the past. He wants to ensure that African Americans play a role in farming’s future. Since 2014, locally and regionally produced food has been the fastest growing sector of U.S. agriculture.

Some is organic, much is grown using sustainable methods, and almost all is marketed through channels such as farmers’ markets and community cooperatives.

Thanks to the pandemic, and a growing interest in sustainable food generally, those locally focused producers are poised to make significant gains in the years ahead.

Booker’s bill could place Black farmers at the vanguard of this revolution. It authorizes the USDA to spend up to $8 billion a year acquiring land and granting it in 160-acre plots to Black farmers. (There is precedent: The 1862 Homestead Act gave away 270 million acres in 160-acre increments, mostly to white settlers.)

In return, the grantees must undergo training focused on “regenerating the soil, ecosystem, and local community.” To help such small farms compete, the bill increases funding to existing programs that promote locally focused agriculture, such as farmers’ markets and the producers who supply them.

It’s an expansive vision, and one that won’t be easy to enact. Nonetheless, Booker has reasons to be optimistic. During the 2020 campaign, President-elect Joe Biden appealed directly to Black farmers, promising to address racial inequities in agriculture, and he’s likely to follow through at the USDA.

Meanwhile, the House Agriculture Committee just elected its first-ever Black chairman, Representative David Scott, who has already expressed support for Booker’s idea.

Passing the bill would be a major victory for racial justice. It also just might herald big changes ahead for rural America. “I think there is a potential for a real food revolution to come about,” Booker told me, “and have farmers lead it.”

 

Updated: 3-25-2021

Black Farmers Head To Capitol Hill To Fight For Economic Relief

Black farmers received $20.8 million from Trump’s Covid relief packages. Now, the American Rescue Plan dedicates $5 billion to farmers of color. The inequity is part of a long legacy of discrimination.

Tucked into President Joe Biden’s $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan is a $5 billion relief package for minority farmers — about a quarter of whom are Black.

The funds are meant to help those hardest hit by a legacy of discrimination and a cycle of debt that has skewed landownership in the United States to be 98% White.

That inequity stretches back to more than a century ago, but it’s just as evident now: Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said just 0.1% of Trump’s Covid-19 relief for American farmers went to Black farmers, according to an interview in the Washington Post Thursday.

That means Black farmers got $20.8 million of $26 billion in two rounds of payments from the Trump administration.

John Boyd, a Virginia farmer and president of the National Black Farmers Association, will today testify before the House Agriculture Committee on Thursday to call for accountability from Vilsack and the USDA on relief for Black farmers.

“Doors continue to be closed to many Black farmers and today our members face enormous challenges, including a system that disproportionately leaves them behind,” Boyd said in a statement ahead of his testimony.

It’s not the first time Boyd will be in front of Congress to testify on the state of Black farmers in America.

In between the 1960s civil rights movement and the Black Lives Matter movement lies a lesser-known fight for equality.

Starting in the 1990s, Black farmers fought back against a system of discrimination long perpetuated by the U.S. government. Specifically, the Department of Agriculture.

This week on The Pay Check, we look at the role of farming, and farm land, in the racial wealth gap. In the U.S., the top five White landowners in the U.S. own more land than all the Black landowners combined.

This episode tells the story of the largest class action lawsuit in U.S. history, Pigford v. Glickman, where tens of thousands of Black farmers sued the USDA, and won.

Pigford, and a subsequent suit called Pigford II, funnelled $2 billion into the hands of Black farmers. The payments were meant to compensate for the USDA’s discrimination against Black farmers when doling out loans and disaster payments, an inequality that led to foreclosures and millions of acres of lost farmland.

The settlement delivered what some consider the nation’s first meaningful approximation of reparations for Black Americans, and it underscored the forces that have caused Black people to lose 90% of their land since 1910.

Today, Black people own less than 1% of America’s farm lands. White people basically own the rest.

Thomas Mitchell, a law professor at Texas A&M University, estimates that the lost land and economic potential add up to a $1 trillion impact that laid the groundwork for White people to accumulate almost seven times more wealth than Black people today.

Boyd stresses the importance of owning the land he farms on episode 3 of The Pay Check podcast. “Land is the most powerful tool that you can possess,” he says.

“If you don’t own any land as a group of people, you don’t have any bargaining power.”

When Boyd bought his first farm in 1984 as an 18-year-old, he couldn’t have imagined that more than a decade later he’d be guiding two mules — named “40 acres” and “Struggle” — around Washington, D.C., to protest racist lending practices.

He just wanted to carry on his family’s tradition of farming, which stretched back to the Civil War.

“My grandfather would say ‘You can’t leave your PhD to your children, but I can leave my poor raggedy farm. You know, give them some financial stability.’ Land is it,” says Boyd.

But keeping his land, as Boyd and so many other Black farmers would later find out, wouldn’t be easy. Particularly vexing were his dealings with a local USDA loan officer, who he says rejected his loan requests and spat on him.

Over and over, Boyd was denied the annual operating loans that virtually all farmers need to keep their businesses afloat.

Without the loans, he lost his ability to plant and earn money off his farm. He fell behind on his debt, and his land was eventually seized.

That launched Boyd into a decades-long fight that eventually culminated in the two class action lawsuits. As a result of the suits, the USDA paid out $2 billion — mostly in $50,000 payments –to thousands of farmers who experienced discrimination at the hands of the U.S. government.

For many farmers, the money was “a real shot in the arm,” Boyd says. But it was only one step toward reversing a century and a half of discrimination at the hands of the U.S. government. “Did it give the land back? No. Was it enough to make the discrimination go away from the USDA? The answer is no,” he says.

 

Updated: 6-24-2021

Biden Aid Plan For Black Farmers Is Blocked In Court As Biased

A federal judge in Florida blocked the Biden administration from distributing $4 billion in stimulus debt-relief aid to “socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers” over concerns that the plan discriminates against White people.

U.S. District Judge Marcia Morales Howard in Jacksonville on Wednesday issued an injunction against the plan, saying a White farmer who sued the Department of Agriculture alleging bias is likely to succeed if the case goes to trial.

At issue is the definition of “socially disadvantaged” in the provision of farm loan-forgiveness aid included in the $1.9 trillion pandemic-relief bill.

The Agriculture Department has said the plan was designed to remedy past discrimination against Black and other minority farmers in the distribution of government assistance.

But the judge said the Biden administration had so far failed to justify using race as a factor in forgiving farm loans. “There is little evidence that the Government gave serious consideration to, or tried, race-neutral alternatives” to the provision, Howard, a George W. Bush appointee, said in her ruling.

Howard is the second federal judge to block the plan in response to a lawsuit by a White farmer. U.S. District Judge William Griesbach in Milwaukee issued a restraining order against it earlier this month.

A number of similar suits have been filed, including one in Texas by America First Legal, a conservative legal group launched in April by former top Trump aides Stephen Miller and Mark Meadows, among others.

That suit alleges the Biden loan-forgiveness plan violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by discriminating against “Irish, Italians, Germans, Jews and eastern Europeans.”

The Agriculture Department didn’t immediately respond to a message seeking comment on Howard’s ruling. It previously said it would vigorously defend the plan following the Milwaukee ruling.

In the Florida case, Howard dismissed evidence presented by the government showing relief efforts during Donald Trump’s presidency had almost exclusively benefited White farmers, saying the reason for the lopsided impact was due to types of farms receiving aid — not the race of the owners.

She also questioned the plan’s inclusion of Asians, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, saying there was “exceedingly thin” evidence of discrimination against those groups in government farm programs.

“The overinclusive nature of the relief casts doubt on its necessity,” the judge said.

 

Updated: 9-25-2022

Black Farmers Skeptical About Loan Aid After Discrimination

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

 

New federal funding is aimed at rectifying decades of bias by USDA’s farm-lending programs.

Last month, President Biden signed into law a spending bill intended to reckon with what courts and government investigations have repeatedly found to be a history of discrimination by the U.S. Agriculture Department against Black farmers.

But for many Black farmers and their advocates, they will have to see the money to believe it.

While they welcome the new federal aid, included in the health, climate and tax package that Congress passed with only Democratic votes, decades of failed efforts to address the issue have left them skeptical.

“I just feel like nothing’s going to happen,” said Carolyn Jones, who with her husband, Chris, raises livestock in Monroe and Chickasaw counties in Mississippi. “We’ve gotten excited before.”

The congressional funding provisions, championed by Sens. Cory Booker (D., N.J.) and Raphael Warnock (D., Ga.), provide the USDA with $3.1 billion for loan modifications to farmers in financial distress and $2.2 billion for farmers who have experienced discrimination through the department’s farm-lending programs.

The latest package follows a court-ordered halt to a more narrowly targeted $4 billion fund for minority farmers that had been in the March 2021 Covid relief bill. White farmers, including Texas Agriculture Commissioner Sid Miller filing as a private citizen, had sued over that funding, saying it was unconstitutional to exclude them on the basis of race.

The new funding is structured differently: A farmer of any race who is in financial distress and has a direct or guaranteed loan with the USDA is eligible for relief, including loan modifications, under the $3.1 billion.

Meanwhile, the $2.2 billion pot of money is available to anyone who has experienced discrimination through USDA lending programs before Jan. 1, 2021, which could also include white women.

Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack told reporters last month that the agency was thinking carefully about how to structure the discrimination funding, which Congress stipulated has to be administered by an outside group.

He said the agency is also reviewing its loan portfolio to figure out how to make sure financially distressed farmers don’t lose their land after a moratorium on foreclosures ends when the public-health emergency for the Covid-19 pandemic is lifted.

Some advocates believe the USDA could have successfully delivered more debt relief to Black farmers in 2021—before the lawsuit halted the program—if it had moved more quickly, and they are nervous that the agency is repeating that mistake.

“There was more than enough time to implement that, had the secretary given it high priority,” said Lloyd Wright, the former director of civil rights at the USDA. “Blacks have a long history of being promised things and not getting it.”

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

 

A USDA spokesperson said the agency had tried to deliver that funding as quickly as possible, noting that it was a new program, which typically takes more time to design and implement.

In a letter released this past Monday, Messrs. Booker, Warnock and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D., N.Y.) urged the USDA to swiftly take the next steps to “provide much needed financial assistance to Black farmers and others who have suffered discrimination through USDA’s farm lending programs.”

Rep. Glenn Thompson of Pennsylvania, the top Republican on the House Agriculture Committee, asked Mr. Vilsack in a letter last month how the agency would determine who was eligible for the programs, noting he was “deeply concerned with the lack of transparency throughout this entire process.”

Delays in loan funding have been part of the problem. Mr. and Mrs. Jones struggled in the 1970s to access the USDA funding they needed to expand as pig farmers. The loan they landed was half of what Mr. Jones had requested, and the USDA directed them to go through their local bank.

But the USDA funds arrived late, their bank loan accrued interest and this ultimately set them up for foreclosure and bankruptcy, the family said.

Later, after decades of working other jobs, Mrs. Jones secured a USDA loan for their new farm raising beef cattle, which remains in operation.

Mrs. Jones, who helped start the Mississippi Minority Farmers Alliance in 2012, said she wonders “where we could have been” had the family not been trapped by debt early on.

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

 

In recent years, the agency has emphasized its efforts to help launch a new, younger and more diverse generation of farmers.

But even as outright racism has faded, Black farmers said they still are often told their business models are wrong and that they have insufficient farming experience.

When USDA loan officers visited the urban farm at the Tupelo, Miss., home of Bryant Stubbs and Stephanie Green-Stubbs in August 2021, “the first thing they said is ‘we don’t buy trucks’” with these loans, said Ms. Green-Stubbs, who was seeking a loan for operating expenses. “What do you mean by that? Just because I’m Black, is that why you’re saying it?”

Ms. Green-Stubbs said she had done at least 12 interviews with USDA loan officers and is still trying to secure a loan.

A USDA spokesperson said the agency is “committed to facing its history, learning from mistakes, and doing the intentional work of building trust in the communities that need us most.”

The tense relationship between Black farmers and the Agriculture Department, founded by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, goes back generations.

One source of tension is a system set up by Congress in 1937 of county committees of local farmers, long overwhelmingly white, with significant discretion to decide who was eligible for federal USDA loans.

As late as 1996, only 37 county commissioners were Black, out of more than 8,000 commissioners nationwide, according to a report from the USDA’s Civil Rights Action Team.

Repeatedly, government reports found that Black farmers were denied loans, or received smaller loans than white farmers, under this system.

Black farmers also had limited avenues to protest the disparities. In 1983, the Reagan administration closed the USDA’s Office of Civil Rights, creating a backlog of unaddressed complaints.

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

 

“These events were the culmination of a string of broken promises that had been made to African American farmers for well over a century,” U.S. District Judge Paul Friedman, in Washington, D.C., wrote in 1999, approving a consent decree and settlement in the first Pigford class-action lawsuit brought by Black farmers against the USDA.

Questions arose over the high numbers of farmers who applied late for the typically $50,000 payments, and a second settlement was reached in 2010.

Critics of the government’s response questioned the 31% of claims that were denied in the first Pigford lawsuit, although some media reports found alleged fraud in some payments.

“The farmers have been fighting for debt cancellation since the disastrous implementation of the Pigford lawsuit,” said Tracy McCurty, executive director of the Black Belt Justice Center, a legal and advocacy group for Black farmers.

The hurdles in financing have contributed to a steep drop in the number of Black farmers in the U.S., down from a peak of almost 926,000 in 1920 to roughly 18,450 Black farm operators in 1997, a 98% drop, according to USDA data.

In that same period, the number of white farm operators fell from almost 5.5 million to under 1.9 million, a 66% drop.

As of 2017, there were 48,697 Black farmers, out of almost 3.4 million total farmers, according to the Census of Agriculture, although methods of counting have changed over time.

Some Black farmers simply stopped trying to work with the USDA after years of being denied loans, or receiving them delayed, forcing them to buy supplies at higher prices or plant their crops late.

 

‘Jim Crow’ Land Ownership Spurs Black Farmers’ Appeals To Biden

 

Freddie Bynum, a cattle farmer with plots in Chickasaw and Pontotoc counties in Mississippi, said he had a $35,000 loan rescinded in 2014 when he bought a tractor on the advice of his local loan officer, who said the purchase would be reimbursed through his already-approved loan.

When the tractor purchase went through, he was told, “if you’re able to get the money for the tractor, you don’t need the loan.”

In August, Mr. Bynum filed a discrimination lawsuit reflecting years of struggles with the local USDA office.

His inability to purchase enough land for his cattle to graze has meant he has to buy six rolls of hay each week, at $40 a roll, to feed them, eating into his profits, he said. “I’ve never been able to get established like I want to.”

 

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Bitcoin Educators Launch Embassies, Crypto Kids Camps, Universities And Curated Book Lists

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Mobile Phones From Apple, Google And Samsung, etc. Send Your Private Information To “Fake” Cell Phone Towers

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Federal Reserve’s Wire & ACH Systems Go Down, Visa & Mastercard Raise Fees, Meanwhile, Bitcoin Works Just Fine

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Oprah And The Rock Collect Bitcoin Donations For Maui Wildfire Victims

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Students Take To The Streets For Day Of Action On Climate Change

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Israel-Gaza Conflict Spurs Bitcoin Donations To Hamas

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Ex-wife of Jeff Bezos Amazon CEO, MacKenzie Scott Sets Record By Giving Away $6 Billion In Six Months

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Slaveowners Got Reparations For Financial Loss After Emancipation. Enslaved African-Americans Got Nothing

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Operation Choke Point 2.0 Could Be Bitcoin’s Biggest Banking Crackdown And Regulatory Battle

The US Cracked A $3.4 Billion Crypto Heist—And Bitcoin’s Pseudo-Anonymity???

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Crypto User Recovers Long-Lost Private Keys To Access $4M In Bitcoin

Stripe Stops Processing Payments For Trump Campaign Website

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Retail Has Arrived As Paypal Clears $242M In Crypto Sales Nearly Double The Previous Record

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France Moves To Ban Anonymous Crypto Accounts To Prevent Money Laundering

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UK Treasury Calls For Feedback On Approach To Cryptocurrency And Stablecoin Regulation

Bitcoin Rebounds While Leaving Everyone In Dark On True Worth

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Trump Gets KPOP’d And Tic Toc’d As Teens Mobilized To Derail Trump’s Tulsa Rally

Schwab’s $200 Million Charge Puts Scrutiny On Robo-Advising

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Motley Fool Adding $5M In Bitcoin To Its ‘10X Portfolio’ — Has A $500K Price Target

Mad Money’s Jim Cramer Invests 1% Of Net Worth In Bitcoin Says, “Gold Is Dangerous”

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Jeffrey Epstein Accusers Sue Jamie Dimon’s JPMorgan Chase For Enabling And Profiting From Sex Trafficking

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Bitcoin Takes ‘Lion’s Share’ As Institutional Inflows Hit 7-Month High

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Gautam Adani Was Briefly World’s Richest Man Only To Be Brought Down By An American Short-Seller

Global Crypto Industry Pledges Aid To Turkey Following Deadly Earthquakes

Money Supply Growth Went Negative Again In December Another Sign Of Recession #GotBitcoin

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IRS Uses Cellphone Location Data To Find Suspects

IRS Failed To Collect $2.4 Billion In Taxes From Millionaires

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Alibaba Admits It Was Slow To Report Software Bug After Beijing Rebuke

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Bitcoin Enthusiast And CEO Brian Armstrong Buys Los Angeles Home For $133 Million

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Green Comet Will Be Visible As It Passes By Earth For First Time In 50,000 Years

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T-Mobile Says Hackers Stole Data On About 37 Million Customers

Jack Dorsey Announces Bitcoin Legal Defense Fund

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Ian Alexander Jr., Only Child of Regina King, Dies At Age 26

Amazon Ends Its Charity Donation Program Amazonsmile After Other Cost-Cutting Efforts

Crypto Panics, Then Jeers at DOJ Announcement of ‘Major Action’ Against Tiny Chinese Exchange Bitzlato

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Doctors Show Implicit Bias Towards Black Patients

Darkmail Pushes Privacy Into The Hands Of NSA-Weary Customers

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AL_A Wins Approval For World’s First Magnetized Fusion Power Plant

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Inflation And A Tale of Cantillionaires

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Miami Mayor Says City Employees Should Be Able To Take Their Salaries In Bitcoin

NYC And Miami Mayors (Eric Adams And Francis Suarez) Duke It Out On Twitter Over Who Is The Bigger Crypto Advocate

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‘I Cry Every Day’: Olympic Athletes Slam Food, COVID Tests And Conditions In Beijing

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SEC Targets Greenwashers To Bring Law And Order To ESG

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Music Distributor DistroKid Raises Money At $1.3 Billion Valuation

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Catawba, Native-American Tribe Approves First Digital Economic Zone In The United States

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Ever-Growing Needs Strain U.S. Food Bank Operations

Food Pantry Helps Columbia Students Struggling To Pay Bills

Food Insecurity Driven By Climate Change Has Central Americans Fleeing To The U.S.

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An Antidote To Inflation? ‘Buy Nothing’ Groups Gain Popularity

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Lyn Alden Talks Bitcoin, Inflation And The Potential Coming Energy Shock

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What The Fed’s Rate Hike Means For Inflation, Housing, Crypto And Stocks

Egyptians Buy Bitcoin Despite Prohibitive New Banking Laws

Archaeologists Uncover Five Tombs In Egypt’s Saqqara Necropolis

History of Alchemy From Ancient Egypt To Modern Times

A Tale Of Two Egypts

Former World Bank Chief Didn’t Act On Warnings Of Sexual Harassment

Does Your Hospital or Doctor Have A Financial Relationship With Big Pharma?

Ultimate Resource Covering The Crisis Taking Place In The Nickel Market

Virginia-Based Defense Contractor Working For U.S. National-Security Agencies Use Google Apps To Secretly Steal Your Data

Apple Along With Meta And Secret Service Agents Fooled By Law Enforcement Impersonators

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Belgium Arrests EU Lawmaker, Four Others In Corruption Probe Linked To European Parliament (#GotBitcoin)

What Is The Mysterious Liver Disease Hurting (And Killing) Children?

Citigroup Trader Is Scapegoat For Flash Crash In European Stocks (#GotBitcoin)

Cryptocurrency Litigation Tracker Shows Details Of More Than 300 Active And Settled Court Cases Since 2013

Bird Flu Outbreak Approaches Worst Ever In U.S. With 37 Million Animals Dead

Financial Inequality Grouped By Race For Blacks, Whites And Hispanics

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Bitcoin Buyers Flock To Investment Clubs Such As “Black Bitcoin Billionaires” To Learn Rules of The Road

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How Not To Lose Your Coins In 2020: Alternative Recovery Methods (#GotBitcoin?)

H.R.5635 – Virtual Currency Tax Fairness Act of 2020 ($200.00 Limit) 116th Congress (2019-2020)

Adam Back On Satoshi Emails, Privacy Concerns And Bitcoin’s Early Days

The Prospect of Using Bitcoin To Build A New International Monetary System Is Getting Real

How To Raise Funds For Australia Wildfire Relief Efforts (Using Bitcoin And/Or Fiat )

Former Regulator Known As ‘Crypto Dad’ To Launch Digital-Dollar Think Tank (#GotBitcoin?)

Currency ‘Cold War’ Takes Center Stage At Pre-Davos Crypto Confab (#GotBitcoin?)

A Blockchain-Secured Home Security Camera Won Innovation Awards At CES 2020 Las Vegas

Bitcoin’s Had A Sensational 11 Years (#GotBitcoin?)

Sergey Nazarov And The Creation Of A Decentralized Network Of Oracles

Google Suspends MetaMask From Its Play App Store, Citing “Deceptive Services”

Christmas Shopping: Where To Buy With Crypto This Festive Season

At 8,990,000% Gains, Bitcoin Dwarfs All Other Investments This Decade

Coinbase CEO Armstrong Wins Patent For Tech Allowing Users To Email Bitcoin

Bitcoin Has Got Society To Think About The Nature Of Money

How DeFi Goes Mainstream In 2020: Focus On Usability (#GotBitcoin?)

Dissidents And Activists Have A Lot To Gain From Bitcoin, If Only They Knew It (#GotBitcoin?)

At A Refugee Camp In Iraq, A 16-Year-Old Syrian Is Teaching Crypto Basics

Bitclub Scheme Busted In The US, Promising High Returns From Mining

Bitcoin Advertised On French National TV

Germany: New Proposed Law Would Legalize Banks Holding Bitcoin

How To Earn And Spend Bitcoin On Black Friday 2019

The Ultimate List of Bitcoin Developments And Accomplishments

Charities Put A Bitcoin Twist On Giving Tuesday

Family Offices Finally Accept The Benefits of Investing In Bitcoin

An Army Of Bitcoin Devs Is Battle-Testing Upgrades To Privacy And Scaling

Bitcoin ‘Carry Trade’ Can Net Annual Gains With Little Risk, Says PlanB

Max Keiser: Bitcoin’s ‘Self-Settlement’ Is A Revolution Against Dollar

Blockchain Can And Will Replace The IRS

China Seizes The Blockchain Opportunity. How Should The US Respond? (#GotBitcoin?)

Jack Dorsey: You Can Buy A Fraction Of Berkshire Stock Or ‘Stack Sats’

Bitcoin Price Skyrockets $500 In Minutes As Bakkt BTC Contracts Hit Highs

Bitcoin’s Irreversibility Challenges International Private Law: Legal Scholar

Bitcoin Has Already Reached 40% Of Average Fiat Currency Lifespan

Yes, Even Bitcoin HODLers Can Lose Money In The Long-Term: Here’s How (#GotBitcoin?)

Unicef To Accept Donations In Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Former Prosecutor Asked To “Shut Down Bitcoin” And Is Now Face Of Crypto VC Investing (#GotBitcoin?)

Switzerland’s ‘Crypto Valley’ Is Bringing Blockchain To Zurich

Next Bitcoin Halving May Not Lead To Bull Market, Says Bitmain CEO

Tim Draper Bets On Unstoppable Domain’s .Crypto Domain Registry To Replace Wallet Addresses (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Developer Amir Taaki, “We Can Crash National Economies” (#GotBitcoin?)

Veteran Crypto And Stocks Trader Shares 6 Ways To Invest And Get Rich

Have I Missed The Boat? – Best Ways To Purchase Cryptocurrency

Is Chainlink Blazing A Trail Independent Of Bitcoin?

Nearly $10 Billion In BTC Is Held In Wallets Of 8 Crypto Exchanges (#GotBitcoin?)

SEC Enters Settlement Talks With Alleged Fraudulent Firm Veritaseum (#GotBitcoin?)

Blockstream’s Samson Mow: Bitcoin’s Block Size Already ‘Too Big’

Attorneys Seek Bank Of Ireland Execs’ Testimony Against OneCoin Scammer (#GotBitcoin?)

OpenLibra Plans To Launch Permissionless Fork Of Facebook’s Stablecoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Tiny $217 Options Trade On Bitcoin Blockchain Could Be Wall Street’s Death Knell (#GotBitcoin?)

Class Action Accuses Tether And Bitfinex Of Market Manipulation (#GotBitcoin?)

Sharia Goldbugs: How ISIS Created A Currency For World Domination (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Eyes Demand As Hong Kong Protestors Announce Bank Run (#GotBitcoin?)

How To Securely Transfer Crypto To Your Heirs

‘Gold-Backed’ Crypto Token Promoter Karatbars Investigated By Florida Regulators (#GotBitcoin?)

Crypto News From The Spanish-Speaking World (#GotBitcoin?)

Financial Services Giant Morningstar To Offer Ratings For Crypto Assets (#GotBitcoin?)

‘Gold-Backed’ Crypto Token Promoter Karatbars Investigated By Florida Regulators (#GotBitcoin?)

The Original Sins Of Cryptocurrencies (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Is The Fraud? JPMorgan Metals Desk Fixed Gold Prices For Years (#GotBitcoin?)

Israeli Startup That Allows Offline Crypto Transactions Secures $4M (#GotBitcoin?)

[PSA] Non-genuine Trezor One Devices Spotted (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Stronger Than Ever But No One Seems To Care: Google Trends (#GotBitcoin?)

First-Ever SEC-Qualified Token Offering In US Raises $23 Million (#GotBitcoin?)

You Can Now Prove A Whole Blockchain With One Math Problem – Really

Crypto Mining Supply Fails To Meet Market Demand In Q2: TokenInsight

$2 Billion Lost In Mt. Gox Bitcoin Hack Can Be Recovered, Lawyer Claims (#GotBitcoin?)

Fed Chair Says Agency Monitoring Crypto But Not Developing Its Own (#GotBitcoin?)

Wesley Snipes Is Launching A Tokenized $25 Million Movie Fund (#GotBitcoin?)

Mystery 94K BTC Transaction Becomes Richest Non-Exchange Address (#GotBitcoin?)

A Crypto Fix For A Broken International Monetary System (#GotBitcoin?)

Four Out Of Five Top Bitcoin QR Code Generators Are Scams: Report (#GotBitcoin?)

Waves Platform And The Abyss To Jointly Launch Blockchain-Based Games Marketplace (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitmain Ramps Up Power And Efficiency With New Bitcoin Mining Machine (#GotBitcoin?)

Ledger Live Now Supports Over 1,250 Ethereum-Based ERC-20 Tokens (#GotBitcoin?)

Miss Finland: Bitcoin’s Risk Keeps Most Women Away From Cryptocurrency (#GotBitcoin?)

Artist Akon Loves BTC And Says, “It’s Controlled By The People” (#GotBitcoin?)

Ledger Live Now Supports Over 1,250 Ethereum-Based ERC-20 Tokens (#GotBitcoin?)

Co-Founder Of LinkedIn Presents Crypto Rap Video: Hamilton Vs. Satoshi (#GotBitcoin?)

Crypto Insurance Market To Grow, Lloyd’s Of London And Aon To Lead (#GotBitcoin?)

No ‘AltSeason’ Until Bitcoin Breaks $20K, Says Hedge Fund Manager (#GotBitcoin?)

NSA Working To Develop Quantum-Resistant Cryptocurrency: Report (#GotBitcoin?)

Custody Provider Legacy Trust Launches Crypto Pension Plan (#GotBitcoin?)

Vaneck, SolidX To Offer Limited Bitcoin ETF For Institutions Via Exemption (#GotBitcoin?)

Russell Okung: From NFL Superstar To Bitcoin Educator In 2 Years (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Miners Made $14 Billion To Date Securing The Network (#GotBitcoin?)

Why Does Amazon Want To Hire Blockchain Experts For Its Ads Division?

Argentina’s Economy Is In A Technical Default (#GotBitcoin?)

Blockchain-Based Fractional Ownership Used To Sell High-End Art (#GotBitcoin?)

Portugal Tax Authority: Bitcoin Trading And Payments Are Tax-Free (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin ‘Failed Safe Haven Test’ After 7% Drop, Peter Schiff Gloats (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Dev Reveals Multisig UI Teaser For Hardware Wallets, Full Nodes (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Price: $10K Holds For Now As 50% Of CME Futures Set To Expire (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Realized Market Cap Hits $100 Billion For The First Time (#GotBitcoin?)

Stablecoins Begin To Look Beyond The Dollar (#GotBitcoin?)

Bank Of England Governor: Libra-Like Currency Could Replace US Dollar (#GotBitcoin?)

Binance Reveals ‘Venus’ — Its Own Project To Rival Facebook’s Libra (#GotBitcoin?)

The Real Benefits Of Blockchain Are Here. They’re Being Ignored (#GotBitcoin?)

CommBank Develops Blockchain Market To Boost Biodiversity (#GotBitcoin?)

SEC Approves Blockchain Tech Startup Securitize To Record Stock Transfers (#GotBitcoin?)

SegWit Creator Introduces New Language For Bitcoin Smart Contracts (#GotBitcoin?)

You Can Now Earn Bitcoin Rewards For Postmates Purchases (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Price ‘Will Struggle’ In Big Financial Crisis, Says Investor (#GotBitcoin?)

Fidelity Charitable Received Over $100M In Crypto Donations Since 2015 (#GotBitcoin?)

Would Blockchain Better Protect User Data Than FaceApp? Experts Answer (#GotBitcoin?)

Just The Existence Of Bitcoin Impacts Monetary Policy (#GotBitcoin?)

What Are The Biggest Alleged Crypto Heists And How Much Was Stolen? (#GotBitcoin?)

IRS To Cryptocurrency Owners: Come Clean, Or Else!

Coinbase Accidentally Saves Unencrypted Passwords Of 3,420 Customers (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Is A ‘Chaos Hedge, Or Schmuck Insurance‘ (#GotBitcoin?)

Bakkt Announces September 23 Launch Of Futures And Custody

Coinbase CEO: Institutions Depositing $200-400M Into Crypto Per Week (#GotBitcoin?)

Researchers Find Monero Mining Malware That Hides From Task Manager (#GotBitcoin?)

Crypto Dusting Attack Affects Nearly 300,000 Addresses (#GotBitcoin?)

A Case For Bitcoin As Recession Hedge In A Diversified Investment Portfolio (#GotBitcoin?)

SEC Guidance Gives Ammo To Lawsuit Claiming XRP Is Unregistered Security (#GotBitcoin?)

15 Countries To Develop Crypto Transaction Tracking System: Report (#GotBitcoin?)

US Department Of Commerce Offering 6-Figure Salary To Crypto Expert (#GotBitcoin?)

Mastercard Is Building A Team To Develop Crypto, Wallet Projects (#GotBitcoin?)

Canadian Bitcoin Educator Scams The Scammer And Donates Proceeds (#GotBitcoin?)

Amazon Wants To Build A Blockchain For Ads, New Job Listing Shows (#GotBitcoin?)

Shield Bitcoin Wallets From Theft Via Time Delay (#GotBitcoin?)

Blockstream Launches Bitcoin Mining Farm With Fidelity As Early Customer (#GotBitcoin?)

Commerzbank Tests Blockchain Machine To Machine Payments With Daimler (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin’s Historical Returns Look Very Attractive As Online Banks Lower Payouts On Savings Accounts (#GotBitcoin?)

Man Takes Bitcoin Miner Seller To Tribunal Over Electricity Bill And Wins (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin’s Computing Power Sets Record As Over 100K New Miners Go Online (#GotBitcoin?)

Walmart Coin And Libra Perform Major Public Relations For Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Judge Says Buying Bitcoin Via Credit Card Not Necessarily A Cash Advance (#GotBitcoin?)

Poll: If You’re A Stockowner Or Crypto-Currency Holder. What Will You Do When The Recession Comes?

1 In 5 Crypto Holders Are Women, New Report Reveals (#GotBitcoin?)

Beating Bakkt, Ledgerx Is First To Launch ‘Physical’ Bitcoin Futures In Us (#GotBitcoin?)

Facebook Warns Investors That Libra Stablecoin May Never Launch (#GotBitcoin?)

Government Money Printing Is ‘Rocket Fuel’ For Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin-Friendly Square Cash App Stock Price Up 56% In 2019 (#GotBitcoin?)

Safeway Shoppers Can Now Get Bitcoin Back As Change At 894 US Stores (#GotBitcoin?)

TD Ameritrade CEO: There’s ‘Heightened Interest Again’ With Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Venezuela Sets New Bitcoin Volume Record Thanks To 10,000,000% Inflation (#GotBitcoin?)

Newegg Adds Bitcoin Payment Option To 73 More Countries (#GotBitcoin?)

China’s Schizophrenic Relationship With Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

More Companies Build Products Around Crypto Hardware Wallets (#GotBitcoin?)

Bakkt Is Scheduled To Start Testing Its Bitcoin Futures Contracts Today (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Network Now 8 Times More Powerful Than It Was At $20K Price (#GotBitcoin?)

Crypto Exchange BitMEX Under Investigation By CFTC: Bloomberg (#GotBitcoin?)

“Bitcoin An ‘Unstoppable Force,” Says US Congressman At Crypto Hearing (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Network Is Moving $3 Billion Daily, Up 210% Since April (#GotBitcoin?)

Cryptocurrency Startups Get Partial Green Light From Washington

Fundstrat’s Tom Lee: Bitcoin Pullback Is Healthy, Fewer Searches Аre Good (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Lightning Nodes Are Snatching Funds From Bad Actors (#GotBitcoin?)

The Provident Bank Now Offers Deposit Services For Crypto-Related Entities (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Could Help Stop News Censorship From Space (#GotBitcoin?)

US Sanctions On Iran Crypto Mining — Inevitable Or Impossible? (#GotBitcoin?)

US Lawmaker Reintroduces ‘Safe Harbor’ Crypto Tax Bill In Congress (#GotBitcoin?)

EU Central Bank Won’t Add Bitcoin To Reserves — Says It’s Not A Currency (#GotBitcoin?)

The Miami Dolphins Now Accept Bitcoin And Litecoin Crypt-Currency Payments (#GotBitcoin?)

Trump Bashes Bitcoin And Alt-Right Is Mad As Hell (#GotBitcoin?)

Goldman Sachs Ramps Up Development Of New Secret Crypto Project (#GotBitcoin?)

Blockchain And AI Bond, Explained (#GotBitcoin?)

Grayscale Bitcoin Trust Outperformed Indexes In First Half Of 2019 (#GotBitcoin?)

XRP Is The Worst Performing Major Crypto Of 2019 (GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Back Near $12K As BTC Shorters Lose $44 Million In One Morning (#GotBitcoin?)

As Deutsche Bank Axes 18K Jobs, Bitcoin Offers A ‘Plan ฿”: VanEck Exec (#GotBitcoin?)

Argentina Drives Global LocalBitcoins Volume To Highest Since November (#GotBitcoin?)

‘I Would Buy’ Bitcoin If Growth Continues — Investment Legend Mobius (#GotBitcoin?)

Lawmakers Push For New Bitcoin Rules (#GotBitcoin?)

Facebook’s Libra Is Bad For African Americans (#GotBitcoin?)

Crypto Firm Charity Announces Alliance To Support Feminine Health (#GotBitcoin?)

Canadian Startup Wants To Upgrade Millions Of ATMs To Sell Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Trump Says US ‘Should Match’ China’s Money Printing Game (#GotBitcoin?)

Casa Launches Lightning Node Mobile App For Bitcoin Newbies (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Rally Fuels Market In Crypto Derivatives (#GotBitcoin?)

World’s First Zero-Fiat ‘Bitcoin Bond’ Now Available On Bloomberg Terminal (#GotBitcoin?)

Buying Bitcoin Has Been Profitable 98.2% Of The Days Since Creation (#GotBitcoin?)

Another Crypto Exchange Receives License For Crypto Futures

From ‘Ponzi’ To ‘We’re Working On It’ — BIS Chief Reverses Stance On Crypto (#GotBitcoin?)

These Are The Cities Googling ‘Bitcoin’ As Interest Hits 17-Month High (#GotBitcoin?)

Venezuelan Explains How Bitcoin Saves His Family (#GotBitcoin?)

Quantum Computing Vs. Blockchain: Impact On Cryptography

This Fund Is Riding Bitcoin To Top (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin’s Surge Leaves Smaller Digital Currencies In The Dust (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Exchange Hits $1 Trillion In Trading Volume (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Breaks $200 Billion Market Cap For The First Time In 17 Months (#GotBitcoin?)

You Can Now Make State Tax Payments In Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Religious Organizations Make Ideal Places To Mine Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Goldman Sacs And JP Morgan Chase Finally Concede To Crypto-Currencies (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Heading For Fifth Month Of Gains Despite Price Correction (#GotBitcoin?)

Breez Reveals Lightning-Powered Bitcoin Payments App For IPhone (#GotBitcoin?)

Big Four Auditing Firm PwC Releases Cryptocurrency Auditing Software (#GotBitcoin?)

Amazon-Owned Twitch Quietly Brings Back Bitcoin Payments (#GotBitcoin?)

JPMorgan Will Pilot ‘JPM Coin’ Stablecoin By End Of 2019: Report (#GotBitcoin?)

Is There A Big Short In Bitcoin? (#GotBitcoin?)

Coinbase Hit With Outage As Bitcoin Price Drops $1.8K In 15 Minutes

Samourai Wallet Releases Privacy-Enhancing CoinJoin Feature (#GotBitcoin?)

There Are Now More Than 5,000 Bitcoin ATMs Around The World (#GotBitcoin?)

You Can Now Get Bitcoin Rewards When Booking At Hotels.Com (#GotBitcoin?)

North America’s Largest Solar Bitcoin Mining Farm Coming To California (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin On Track For Best Second Quarter Price Gain On Record (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Hash Rate Climbs To New Record High Boosting Network Security (#GotBitcoin?)

Bitcoin Exceeds 1Million Active Addresses While Coinbase Custodies $1.3B In Assets

Why Bitcoin’s Price Suddenly Surged Back $5K (#GotBitcoin?)

Zebpay Becomes First Exchange To Add Lightning Payments For All Users (#GotBitcoin?)

Coinbase’s New Customer Incentive: Interest Payments, With A Crypto Twist (#GotBitcoin?)

The Best Bitcoin Debit (Cashback) Cards Of 2019 (#GotBitcoin?)

Real Estate Brokerages Now Accepting Bitcoin (#GotBitcoin?)

Ernst & Young Introduces Tax Tool For Reporting Cryptocurrencies (#GotBitcoin?)

Recession Is Looming, or Not. Here’s How To Know (#GotBitcoin?)

How Will Bitcoin Behave During A Recession? (#GotBitcoin?)

Many U.S. Financial Officers Think a Recession Will Hit Next Year (#GotBitcoin?)

Definite Signs of An Imminent Recession (#GotBitcoin?)

What A Recession Could Mean for Women’s Unemployment (#GotBitcoin?)

Investors Run Out of Options As Bitcoin, Stocks, Bonds, Oil Cave To Recession Fears (#GotBitcoin?)

Goldman Is Looking To Reduce “Marcus” Lending Goal On Credit (Recession) Caution (#GotBitcoin?)

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