FOIA Reveals Aurora Borealis Imperiled US Infrastructure From Power Grids To Satellites (5-10-2024)

The northern lights that were visible in cities throughout the US in May were epic if you were lucky enough to catch them. FOIA Reveals Aurora Borealis Imperiled US Infrastructure From Power Grids To Satellites (5-10-2024)

But, according to a handful of documents I just obtained, space weather scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said the celestial event also wreaked a bit of havoc.

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State Of The Earth’s Geomagnetic Field

Mysterious Magnetic Portals Connect Earth To The Sun. Could There Be Other Portals Between Planets And Stars, Etc?

The aurora borealis, or northern lights, is a colorful display in the night sky that comes from geomagnetic storms in space. When charged particles from the sun smash into the Earth’s upper atmosphere, they create bright, kaleidoscopic ribbons of light, typically in polar regions.

Really big solar action can interfere with GPS systems and power grids.

That’s exactly what happened on May 10, when there were three “coronal mass ejections” (my future metal band name) that produced one of the most powerful solar storms in 500 years, hence the dazzling, polychromatic sky visible even from South America. Turns out, the extreme space weather also disrupted life on Earth.

Six days after the northern lights, I filed a Freedom of Information Act request with NOAA. I was curious how the agency reacted to the atmospheric event and whether the public deserved to be concerned.

I asked NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center and National Weather Service for a wide range of records, including emails, photographs, satellite images and threat assessments.

A couple of weeks ago, NOAA turned over some interesting documents. The short version is, while we marveled at the light show, scientists were concerned. According to one internal memo, the geomagnetic storm was an “extreme,” rare event and if NOAA scientists hadn’t been on their game it could have been catastrophic.

Solar Cycle 25

A May 14, three-page after action memo disseminated by Clinton Wallace, the director of the Space Weather Prediction Center, described the storm’s impact and explained the celestial phenomenon.

He said “Solar Cycle 25,” a phase of solar sunspot activity that began in December 2019 and continues through 2030, “has been more active than anticipated, with an intense surge in solar activity marking the beginning of May.”

“A large group of unstable sunspots on the Sun’s surface unleashed several powerful solar flares, immediately affecting the Earth’s outer atmosphere and causing disruptions in high-frequency (HF) radio communications,” he wrote. “This had significant implications for trans-oceanic aviation, which relies heavily on HF radio for communication over long distances.”

On May 9, a day before the northern lights extravaganza, staff at the Space Weather Prediction Center “activated” the North American Electric Reliability Corp. hotline to make sure the regulator was prepared.

Wallace’s memo said NERC gave about 3,000 electric utility companies a six-hour head start to get ready. The space weather officials also advised the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency on preparedness. Complete Report.

Significant Disruptions

Wallace wrote in his memo that the storm caused “significant disruptions across multiple sectors, including navigation, power grids, aviation, and satellite operations.” He also noted that the severity of the geomagnetic storm “underscored the interconnectedness and vulnerability of modern infrastructure to space weather.”

Although Wallace said the space weather scientists took steps to mitigate any potential disaster, their work “highlighted areas for improvement in preparedness and response.”

He didn’t elaborate.

Updated: 5-14-2024

Large Solar Storms Can Knock Out Electronics And Affect The Power Grid – An Electrical Engineer Explains How

The geomagnetic storm that began on May 10, 2024, generated stunning aurora borealis, more commonly known as the northern lights, that could be seen as far south as Mexico. They also generated headaches for farmers whose GPS-guided tractors were idled in the middle of planting season.

Geomagnetic storms occur when a large bubble of superheated gas called plasma is ejected from the surface of the Sun and hits the Earth. This bubble is known as a coronal mass ejection.

The plasma of a coronal mass ejection consists of a cloud of protons and electrons, which are electrically charged particles. When these particles reach the Earth, they interact with the magnetic field that surrounds the planet.

This interaction causes the magnetic field to distort and weaken, which in turn leads to the strange behavior of the aurora borealis and other natural phenomena.

The May 2024 storm, rated G5 on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s 1-to-5 Geomagnetic Storms scale, disrupted GPS communications enough to throw off tractor guidance, which requires centimeter-level precision.

Stronger storms would have much more serious consequences. As an electrical engineer who specializes in the power grid, I study how geomagnetic storms also threaten to cause power and internet outages and how to protect against that.
Geomagnetic storms

Stronger solar storms have happened, and one caused havoc with one of the earliest electronic technologies. On Sept. 1 and 2, 1859, telegraph systems around the world failed catastrophically.

The operators of the telegraphs reported receiving electrical shocks, telegraph paper catching fire and being able to operate equipment with batteries disconnected.

During the evenings, the aurora borealis could be seen as far south as Colombia. Typically, these lights are only visible at higher latitudes, in northern Canada, Scandinavia and Siberia.

What the world experienced that day, now known as the Carrington Event, was the largest recorded account of a geomagnetic storm, far stronger than the May 2024 storm.

Geomagnetic storms have been recorded since the early 19th century, and scientific data from Antarctic ice core samples has shown evidence of an even more massive geomagnetic storm that occurred around A.D. 774, known as the Miyake Event.

That solar flare produced the largest and fastest rise in carbon-14 ever recorded. Geomagnetic storms trigger high amounts of cosmic rays in Earth’s upper atmosphere, which in turn produce carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

A geomagnetic storm 60% smaller than the Miyake Event occurred around A.D. 993. Ice core samples have shown evidence that large-scale geomagnetic storms with similar intensities as the Miyake and Carrington events occur at an average rate of once every 500 years.

Scientists were able to estimate the strength of the Carrington Event based on the fluctuations of Earth’s magnetic field as recorded by observatories at the time. There was no way to measure the magnetic fluctuation of the Miyake Event.

Instead, scientists measured the increase in carbon-14 in tree rings from that time period. The Miyake Event produced a 12% increase in carbon-14. By comparison, the Carrington Event produced less than a 1% increase in carbon-14, so the Miyake Event likely dwarfed the G5 Carrington Event.

Knocking Out Power

Today, a geomagnetic storm of the same intensity as the Carrington Event would affect far more than telegraph wires and could be catastrophic. With the ever-growing dependency on electricity and emerging technology, any disruption could lead to trillions of dollars of monetary loss and risk to life dependent on the systems. The storm would affect a majority of the electrical systems that people use every day.

Geomagnetic storms generate induced currents, which flow through the electrical grid. The geomagnetically induced currents, which can be in excess of 100 amperes, flow into the electrical components connected to the grid, such as transformers, relays and sensors.

One hundred amperes is equivalent to the electrical service provided to many households. Currents this size can cause internal damage in the components, leading to large scale power outages.

A geomagnetic storm three times smaller than the Carrington Event occurred in Quebec, Canada, in March 1989. The storm caused the Hydro-Quebec electrical grid to collapse.

During the storm, the high magnetically induced currents damaged a transformer in New Jersey and tripped the grid’s circuit breakers. In this case, the outage led to 5 million people being without power for nine hours.

Breaking Connections

In addition to electrical failures, communications would be disrupted on a worldwide scale. Internet service providers could go down, which in turn would take out the ability of different systems to communicate with each other.

High-frequency communication systems such as ground-to-air, shortwave and ship-to-shore radio would be disrupted.

Satellites in orbit around the Earth could be damaged by induced currents from the geomagnetic storm burning out their circuit boards. This would lead to disruptions in satellite-based telephone, internet, radio and television.

Also, as geomagnetic storms hit the Earth, the increase in solar activity causes the atmosphere to expand outward. This expansion changes the density of the atmosphere where satellites are orbiting.

Higher density atmosphere creates drag on a satellite, which slows it down. And if it isn’t maneuvered to a higher orbit, it can fall back to Earth.

One other area of disruption that would potentially affect everyday life is navigation systems. Virtually every mode of transportation, from cars to airplanes, use GPS for navigation and tracking. Even handheld devices such as cell phones, smart watches and tracking tags rely on GPS signals sent from satellites.

Military systems are heavily dependent on GPS for coordination. Other military detection systems such as over-the-horizon radar and submarine detection systems could be disrupted, which would hamper national defense.

In terms of the internet, a geomagnetic storm on the scale of the Carrington Event could produce geomagnetically induced currents in the submarine and terrestrial cables that form the backbone of the internet as well as the data centers that store and process everything from email and text messages to scientific data sets and artificial intelligence tools.

This would potentially disrupt the entire network and prevent the servers from connecting to each other.

Just A Matter of Time

It is only a matter of time before the Earth is hit by another big geomagnetic storm. A Carrington Event-size storm would be extremely damaging to the electrical and communication systems worldwide with outages lasting into the weeks.

If the storm is the size of the Miyake Event, the results would be catastrophic for the world, with potential outages lasting months if not longer. Even with space weather warnings from NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center, the world would have only a few minutes to a few hours notice.

I believe it is critical to continue researching ways to protect electrical systems against the effects of geomagnetic storms, for example by installing devices that can shield vulnerable equipment like transformers and by developing strategies for adjusting grid loads when solar storms are about to hit.

FOIA Reveals Aurora Borealis Imperiled US Infrastructure From Power Grids To Satellites (5-10-2024)

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